The collapse of the Soviet Union forced Russia to engage in a process of nation building. This involved a reassessment of the past both historical and cultural and how it should be remembered. The publication of previously barely known underground and migr literary works presented an opportunity to reappraise official Soviet literature and reevaluate twentiethcentury Russian literature as a whole. This book explores changes to the poetry canon an instrument for maintaining individual and collective memory to show how cultural memory has informed the evolution of postSoviet Russian identity. It examines how concerns over identity are shaping the canon and in which directions and analyses the interrelationship between national identity whether ethnic imperial or civic and attempts to revise the canon. This study situates the discussion of national identity within the cultural field and in the context of canon formation as a complex expression of aesthetic political and institutional factors. It encompasses a period of farreaching upheaval in Russia and reveals the tension between a desire for change and a longing for stability that was expressed by attempts to reshape the literary canon and by doing so to create a new twentiethcentury past and the foundations of a new identity for the nation.