pIThe Civil WarsI c. 150 is a work of political and military history by Appian. Written toward the end of his career as a leading advocate in Rome IThe Civil WarsI is comprised of books 1317 of IThe Roman HistoryI Appians 24book study of the Roman Republic and Empire. Appians work has long been considered essential by classical scholars and historians alike providing an effective and largely objective overview of the most turbulent period in the history of Rome. In the decades after the assassinations of the Gracchi brotherstribunes who attempted to enact sweeping reforms in favor of the poor and veteransthe Roman Republic erupts in a series of violent civil wars. From 8881 BC Sullan and Marian forces waged two wars dividing the country between the OptimatesSullas political factionand the Populares controlled by Marius. In 81 BC the victorious Sulla declared himself Dictator of the Republic leading to a period of executions and political repression of those declared enemies of the state. Years later in 60 BC the First Triumvirate between Caesar Crassus and Pompey shifts power from the Optimates back to the Populares creating tension between the Roman Senate and the Republics leading generals and elected officials. As Caesars military victories and acquisition of new territories give him increasing power and popularity Pompey aligns himself with the Senate. In an act of stunning defiance Caesar crosses the Rubicon with his army in 49 BC setting off a fouryear civil war that will conclude with Caesar declaring himself Dictator for life virtually ending the Roman Republic after nearly five centuries of existence. Accessible and elegantly paced Appians IThe Civil WarsI is an invaluable work from one of the Roman Empires leading historians. With a beautifully designed cover and professionally typeset manuscript this edition of Appians IThe Civil WarsI is a classic of Roman history reimagined for modern readers.p