Multilinguals are not multiple monolinguals. Yet multilingual assessment proceeds through monolingual norms as if fair conclusions were possible in the absence of fair comparison. In addition multilingualism concerns what people do with language not what languages do to people. Yet research focus remains on multilinguals languages as if languages existed despite their users. This book redresses these paradoxes. Multilingual scholars teachers and speechlanguage clinicians from Europe Asia Australia and the US contribute the first studies dedicated to multilingual norms those found in reallife multilingual development assessment and use. Readership includes educators clinicians decisionmakers and researchers interested in multilingualism.