The issue of maintaining a diverse gene pool in the form of crop varieties is very topical world wide. This is caused by the potential benefit of crop genetic resources for addressing future demand emanating from unforeseen agricultural problems. This volume is mainly concerned with onfarm conservation as a supplement to the other in situ and ex situ conservation options. The study aims at generating relevant information for maintaining local varieties on farmers fields in Ethiopia. In order to effectively devise policies for onfarm conservation the volume argues that an improved understanding of farmers incentives attribute preferences and opportunity costs is indispensable. These issues are extensively addressed both theoretically and empirically with a focus on policy that is expressed by the guiding question Given the socioeconomic setup what policy options are available to undertake onfarm conservation of crop diversity in Ethiopia The study results are intended to help identify optimal policies for onfarm conservation taking sorghum coffee and wheat as empirical examples.