In Win or Else Larry E. Holmes shows us how Soviet football culture regularly disregarded official ideological and political imperatives and skirted the boundaries between socialism and capitalism. In the early 1920s the Soviet press denounced football as a bourgeois sport that was injurious to both mind and body. Within that same decade however it blew up becoming the most popular spectator sport in the USSR and growing into a fiercely competitive business with complex regional and national bureaucracies a strong international presence and a conviction that victory on the field was also a victory of Soviet supremacy. Writing as both historian and fan Holmes focuses his study on the provincial Kirov team Dinamo from 1979 to 1985 when the club played at both its worst and its best. Spurred by a dismal 1979 season the teams administrators and regional authorities had two options obey Moscows edict to reduce expenditures on professional sports or seek out newand often illicitfunding sources to fill out a team of champions. Drawing on rich archival materials as well as newspapers and interviews with former players Win or Else reveals the foundations of Soviet sports cultureand the hazards that teams faced both in victory and in loss.